BS EN 13261:2020
$215.11
Railway applications. Wheelsets and bogies. Axles. Product requirements
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2020 | 74 |
This document specifies the characteristics of the axles for all track gauges.
This document applies to heavy railway vehicles but may also apply to other vehicles such as light railway vehicles, trams or undergrounds.
It defines the characteristics of axles manufactured by forging or rolling, in vacuum-degassed steel, grade EA1N1, EA1T1 and EA4T1. For hollow axles, this document only applies to those obtained by machining the hole in a solid forged or rolled axle.
The requirements defined in this standard apply to cylindrical wheel seats. Most of the requirements also apply to wheelsets with conical wheel seats. Specific requirements for conical wheel seats (e.g. geometric dimensions) are defined in the technical specification.
Some characteristics are given according to category 1 or category 2.
This document applies to axles whose design complies with the rules defined in EN 13103-1.
This document also allows variations in material characteristics in relation to alternative manufacturing processes (e.g. cold forging, shot peening, thermal spraying, steel cleanliness, reduction ratio, improvement of material properties through fusion or heat treatment processes, etc.).
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 2 | undefined |
| 8 | European foreword |
| 9 | Introduction |
| 10 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references |
| 11 | 3 Terms and definitions |
| 13 | 4 Product definition 4.1 Chemical composition 4.1.1 Values to be obtained Table 1 — Limit levels by product analysis 4.1.2 Sampling methods 4.1.3 Analysis method 4.2 Mechanical characteristics 4.2.1 Characteristics from the tensile testing 4.2.1.1 Values to be obtained Table 2 — Values to be obtained at mid-radius of solid axles or mid-distance between internal and external surfaces of hollow axles |
| 14 | Table 2 — Values to be obtained at mid-radius of solid axles or mid-distance between internal and external surfaces of hollow axles 4.2.1.2 Positions of the test pieces |
| 15 | Figure 1 — Position of test pieces 4.2.1.3 Test method |
| 16 | 4.2.2 Impact resistance characteristics 4.2.2.1 Values to be obtained Table 3 — Values to be obtained at mid-radius of solid axles or at mid-distance between internal and external surfaces of hollow axles 4.2.2.2 Position of the test pieces 4.2.2.3 Test method |
| 17 | Figure 2 – Position of test pieces |
| 18 | 4.2.3 Fatigue characteristics 4.2.3.1 11.2.3.1tab General 4.2.3.1.1 Introduction 4.2.3.1.2 Fatigue limits on small test pieces 4.2.3.1.3 Fatigue limits on scale 1 test pieces 4.2.3.2 Values to be obtained |
| 19 | Table 4 — Fatigue limit values 4.2.3.3 Fatigue test pieces Figure 3 — Notches in fatigue test pieces 4.2.3.4 Test method 4.3 Microstructural characteristics 4.3.1 Values to be obtained |
| 20 | 4.3 Microstructural characteristics 4.3.1 Values to be obtained 4.3.2 Position of the test piece 4.3.3 Test method 4.4 Material cleanliness 4.4.1 Micrographic cleanliness 4.4.1.1 Cleanliness level to be achieved |
| 21 | Table 5 — Maximum inclusions for thin and thick series 4.4.1.2 Location of the micrographic sample Figure 4 — Micrographic examination sampling location (solid axle and hollow axle) 4.4.1.3 Test method 4.4.2 Internal integrity 4.4.2.1 General 4.4.2.2 Level to be obtained |
| 22 | 4.4.2 Internal integrity 4.4.2.1 General 4.4.2.2 Level to be obtained 4.4.2.3 Test piece 4.4.2.4 Examination method 4.5 Ultrasonic permeability 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Level to be obtained 4.5.3 Test piece 4.5.4 Test method |
| 23 | 4.5.4 Test method Table 6 — Permeability inspection settings 4.6 Residual stresses 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Values to be obtained 4.6.3 Test piece and measurement point location |
| 24 | Figure 5 — Measurement point location 4.6.4 Measurement method 4.7 Surface characteristics 4.7.1 Surface finish 4.7.1.1 Characteristics to be obtained |
| 25 | Table 7 — Surface finishes |
| 26 | Figure 6 — Surface finish symbols 4.7.1.2 Measurement method 4.7.2 Surface integrity 4.7.2.1 General |
| 27 | 4.7.1.2 Measurement method 4.7.2 Surface integrity 4.7.2.1 General 4.7.2.2 Level to be obtained Figure 7 — Zones |
| 28 | Table 8 — Longitudinal indication limits 4.7.2.3 Test piece 4.7.2.4 Examination methods 4.7.2.4.1 External surface of the axle 4.7.2.4.2 Axle bore surface 4.8 Geometrical and dimensional tolerances |
| 29 | Table 9 — Geometrical tolerances |
| 30 | Figure 8 — Geometrical tolerance symbols |
| 31 | Table 10 — Dimensional tolerances |
| 32 | Figure 9 — Dimensional tolerance symbols |
| 33 | 4.9 Protection against corrosion and mechanical damage 4.9.1 Final protection 4.9.1.1 General |
| 34 | Table 11 — Protective coatings – Test requirement 4.9.1.2 Protective coating thickness 4.9.1.2.1 Values to be documented after evaluating a protective coating 4.9.1.2.2 Values to be obtained for qualifying a manufacturer or for quality control 4.9.1.2.3 Test piece 4.9.1.2.4 Measurement method 4.9.1.3 Protective coating adhesion 4.9.1.3.1 General 4.9.1.3.2 Characteristics to be obtained |
| 35 | 4.9.1.3.2 Characteristics to be obtained 4.9.1.3.3 Test piece 4.9.1.3.4 Test method 4.9.1.4 Impact resistance 4.9.1.4.1 General 4.9.1.4.2 Characteristics to be obtained 4.9.1.4.3 Test piece 4.9.1.4.4 Test method 4.9.1.5 Chipping resistance 4.9.1.5.1 General 4.9.1.5.2 Characteristics to be obtained |
| 36 | 4.9.1.5 Chipping resistance 4.9.1.5.1 General 4.9.1.5.2 Characteristics to be obtained 4.9.1.5.3 Test piece 4.9.1.5.4 Test method 4.9.1.6 Salt spray resistance 4.9.1.6.1 General 4.9.1.6.2 Characteristics to be obtained 4.9.1.6.3 Test piece Figure 10 — Salt spray test pieces 4.9.1.6.4 Test methods |
| 37 | Figure 10 — Salt spray test pieces 4.9.1.6.4 Test methods 4.9.1.7 Resistance to specific corrosive products 4.9.1.7.1 General 4.9.1.7.2 Characteristics to be obtained 4.9.1.7.3 Test piece |
| 38 | 4.9.1.7.4 Test method 4.9.1.8 Resistance of coating to cyclic mechanical stress 4.9.1.8.1 General 4.9.1.8.2 Characteristics to be obtained 4.9.1.8.3 Test piece 4.9.1.8.4 Test method 4.9.2 Temporary protection |
| 39 | 4.10 Marking 5 Alternative manufacturing process 6 Product qualification 7 Conditions of supply of the product |
| 40 | Annexe A (informative) Sampling of the material from an axle journal overlength A.1 Values to be reached Table A.1 — Values to be met at mid-radius for solid axles and at mid-distance of the external and internal surfaces for hollow axles Table A.2 — Values to be met at mid-radius for solid axles and at mid-distance of the external and internal surfaces for hollow axles A.2 Sampling method A.2.1 Overlength with a diameter identical to the journal diameter A.2.2 Overlength with a diameter greater than the journal diameter |
| 41 | Annexe B (informative) Test piece drawings Figure B.2 — Small test piece for determining steel fatigue limit (example 2) |
| 42 | Figure B.3 — Small test piece for determining the resistance of the protective coating to cyclic stress |
| 43 | Figure B.4 — Scale 1 test piece for fatigue testing (example 1) |
| 44 | Figure B.5 — Scale 1 test piece for fatigue testing (example 2) |
| 45 | Annexe C (normative) Gauge block for measuring ultrasound permeability C.1 Gauge block |
| 46 | Figure C.1 — Gauge block examples C.2 Gauge block tolerances |
| 47 | C.2 Gauge block tolerances C.3 Steel grade of the gauge block |
| 48 | Annexe D (informative) Position of measurement zones for ultrasound permeability Figure D.1 — Axles with bore and solid axles: Position of the measurement zone Figure D.2 — Solid axles: Position of measurement zones |
| 49 | Annexe E (informative) Residual stress measurement with strain gauges and saw cutting Figure E.1 — Strain gauge and saw cut positions |
| 50 | Annexe F (informative) Post-machining shot peening method F.1 Shot peening principle F.2 Requirements F.2.1 Shot peening product F.2.2 Hardness F.2.3 Roughness F.2.4 Coverage rate F.2.5 Fatigue limit F.3 Parameters |
| 51 | F.3 Parameters F.4 Qualification of the shot-peening process |
| 52 | Annexe G (normative) Method to determine the impact resistance of the protective coating G.1 YES G.2 Test piece G.3 Equipment G.4 Operating procedure G.5 Expression of results |
| 53 | Annexe H (normative) Method to determine the chipping resistance of the protective coating H.1 YES H.2 Test piece H.3 Equipment H.4 Operating procedure H.5 Expression of results |
| 54 | Table H.1 — Results |
| 55 | Annexe I (normative) Method to determine the resistance of the coating to specific corrosive products I.1 YES I.2 Test piece I.3 Equipment I.4 Corrosive products |
| 56 | I.5 Operating procedure I.6 Expression of results |
| 57 | Annexe J (normative) Method to determine the resistance of the protective coating under cyclic mechanical stress J.1 Purpose J.2 YES J.3 Test piece J.4 Equipment J.5 Operating procedure J.6 Expression of results |
| 58 | J.6 Expression of results |
| 59 | Annexe K (normative) Product qualification K.1 Introduction K.2 11.2.3.1tab General |
| 60 | K.3 Requirements K.3.1 Requirements to be met by the manufacturer K.3.1.1 11.2.3.1tab General K.3.1.2 Quality organisation K.3.1.3 Staff qualification K.3.1.4 Equipment K.3.2 Requirements to be met by the product K.4 Qualification procedures K.4.1 General |
| 61 | K.4 Qualification procedures K.4.1 General K.4.2 Documentation required K.4.3 Evaluation of production facilities and production process K.4.4 Laboratory tests |
| 62 | K.4.4 Laboratory tests K.5 Validity of the qualification K.5.1 Condition of validity K.5.2 Modification and extension K.5.3 Transfer |
| 63 | K.5.4 Expiry K.5.5 Withdrawal K.6 Qualification record |
| 64 | Annexe L (normative) Conditions of supply of the product L.1 Introduction L.2 General |
| 65 | L.3 Delivery state L.4 Unit checks L.5 Batch sampling check L.5.1 Checks to be carried out |
| 66 | Table L.1 — Type and minimum number of checks to be carried out L.5.2 Ultrasonic permeability L.5.3 Surface finish L.5.4 Visual inspection L.6 Quality plan |
| 67 | L.5.4 Visual inspection L.6 Quality plan L.6.1 General L.6.2 Objectives L.6.3 Quality Plan terms of application |
| 68 | L.7 Permissible repairs L.7.1 General L.7.2 Heat treatment L.7.3 Retesting L.7.4 Axle straightening L.7.5 Re-machining |
| 69 | Annexe M (normative) Measurement of the hydrogen content of steel for axles at the development stage M.1 General M.2 Sampling M.3 Analysis methods M.4 Precautions |
| 70 | Annexe ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential requirements of Directive 2016/797/EC to be fulfilled Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European standard, Commission Regulation (EU) No. 321/2013 of 13 March 2013 (and its amendments 1236/2013 and 2015/924) regarding the technical specification for interoperability concerning the “rolling stock –… |
| 71 | Table ZA.2 — Correspondence between this European standard, Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1302/2014 of 18 November 2014 regarding the technical specification for interoperability concerning the “rolling stock – locomotives and passenger vehicles” sub… |
| 72 | Bibliography Bibliography |
