ASTM-A977 2002

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A977/A977M-02 Standard Test Method for Magnetic Properties of High-Coercivity Permanent Magnet Materials Using Hysteresigraphs

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASTM	2002	12

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Description

1.1 This test method describes how to determine the magnetic characteristics of magnetically hard materials (permanent magnets), particularly their initial magnetization, demagnetization, and recoil curves and such quantities as the residual induction, coercive fields, knee field, energy products, and recoil permeability. This test method is suitable for all materials processed into bulk magnets by any common fabrication technique (casting, sintering, rolling, molding, and so forth), but not for thin films or for magnets that are very small or of unusual shape. Uniformity of composition, structure, and properties throughout the magnet volume is necessary to obtain repeatable results. Particular attention is paid to the problems posed by modern materials combining very high coercivity with high saturation induction, such as the rare-earth magnets, for which older test methods (see Test Method A 341) are unsuitable. An applicable international standard is IEC Publication 404-5.

1.2 The magnetic system (circuit) in a device or machine generally comprises flux-conducting and nonmagnetic structural members with air gaps in addition to the permanent magnet. The system behavior depends on properties and geometry of all these components and on the temperature. The tests described here measure only the properties of the permanent magnet material. The basic test method incorporates the magnetic specimen in a magnetic circuit with a closed flux path. Test methods using ring samples or frames composed entirely of the magnetic material to be characterized, as commonly used for magnetically soft materials, are not applicable to permanent magnets.

1.3 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A 34/A 34M.

1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu or inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this test method.

1.5 The names and symbols of magnetic quantities used in this test method, summarized in Table 1, are those currently preferred by U.S. industry.

1.6 This test method is useful for magnet materials having H _ci values between about 100 Oe and 35 kOe [8 kA/m and 2.8 MA/m], and B _r values in the approximate range from 500 G to 20 kG [50 mT to 2 T]. High-coercivity rare-earth magnet test specimens may require much higher magnetizing fields than iron-core electromagnets can produce. Such samples must be premagnetized externally and transferred into the measuring yoke. Typical values of the magnetizing fields, H _mag , required for saturating magnet materials are shown in Table 1.

1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Scope Referenced Documents
2	Terminology Significance and Use Measuring Methods and Apparatus TABLE 1
3	FIG. 1 FIG. 2 FIG. 3
4	FIG. 4
5	Calibration FIG. 5
7	Test Specimens Procedure
8	Report Precision and Bias Keywords A1. ELECTROMAGNET CONDITIONS AFFECTING MEASUREMENT ACCURACY A1.1 Field Uniformity
9	A2. MAGNETIZATION OF A TEST SAMPLE AND MAGNETIC HISTORY A2.1 Magnetizing (Charging) FIG. A1.1 TABLE A2.1
10	A2.2 Magnetic History A2.3 Magnetizing Within and External to the Test System X1. ELECTROMAGNET OR MAGNETIZING YOKE X1.1 Yoke Design and Construction
11	X2. MAGNETIZATION CURVES AND SALIENT PROPERTIES X2.1 Magnetization Curves of Permanent Magnets X2.2 Demagnetization Curves and Salient Properties X2.3 Temperature Effects X2.4 Recoil Lines and Recoil Permeability

Additional information

Standard Title	A977/A977M-02 Standard Test Method for Magnetic Properties of High-Coercivity Permanent Magnet Materials Using Hysteresigraphs
Published Code	ASTM
Publication Date	2002
Pages Count	12

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