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ASTM-E1943:2004 Edition

ASTM-E1943:2004 Edition

$63.38

E1943-98(2004) Standard Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by Natural Attenuation at Petroleum Release Sites

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
ASTM 2004 43
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1.1 This is a guide for determining the appropriateness of remediation by natural attenuation and implementing remediation by natural attenuation at a given petroleum release site, either as a stand alone remedial action or in combination with other remedial actions.

1.2 Natural attenuation is a potential remediation alternative for containment and reduction of the mass and concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment to protect human health and the environment. Remediation by natural attenuation depends upon natural processes such as biodegradation, dispersion, dilution, volatilization, hydrolysis, and sorption to attenuate petroleum constituents of concern to achieve remedial goals.

Note 1Remedial goals must be established through another process as determined by the appropriate regulatory agency.

1.3 In general, remediation by natural attenuation should not be considered a presumptive remedy. A determination of whether remediation by natural attenuation is appropriate for an individual petroleum release site, relative to site-specific remedial goals, requires site characterization, assessment of potential risks, evaluation of the need for source area control, and evaluation of potential effectiveness similar to other remedial action technologies. Application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation requires demonstration of remedial progress and attainment of remedial goals by use of converging lines of evidence obtained through monitoring and evaluation of resulting data. When properly applied to a site, remediation by natural attenuation is a process for risk management and achieving remedial goals. Monitoring should be conducted until it has been demonstrated that natural attenuation will continue and eventually meet remedial goals.

1.3.1 The primary line of evidence for remediation by natural attenuation is provided by observed reductions in plume geometry and observed reductions in concentrations of the constituents of concern at the site.

1.3.2 Secondary lines of evidence for remediation by natural attenuation are provided by geochemical indicators of naturally occurring degradation and estimates of attenuation rates.

1.3.3 Additional optional lines of evidence can be provided by microbiological information and further analysis of primary and secondary lines of evidence such as through solute transport modeling or estimates of assimilative capacity.

1.4 The emphasis in this guide is on the use of remediation by natural attenuation for petroleum hydrocarbon constituents where ground water is impacted. Though soil and ground water impacts are often linked, this guide does not address natural attenuation in soils separate from ground water or in situations where soils containing constituents of concern exist without an associated ground water impact. Even if natural attenuation is selected as the remedial action for ground water, additional remedial action may be necessary to address other completed exposure pathways at the site.

1.5 This guide does not address enhanced bioremediation or enhanced attenuation.

1.6 Also, while much of what is discussed is relevant to other organic chemicals or constituents of concern, these situations will involve additional considerations not addressed in this guide.

1.7 The guide is organized as follows:

1.7.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents.

1.7.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide.

1.7.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide.

1.7.4 Section 5 provides an overview of the use of natural attenuation as a remedial action alternative, including;

1.7.4.1 Advantages of remediation by natural attenuation as a remedial alternative;

1.7.4.2 Limitations of remediation by natural attenuation as a remedial alternative; and

1.7.4.3 Using multiple lines of evidence to demonstrate the appropriateness of remediation by natural remediation.

1.7.5 Section 6 describes the decision process for appropriate application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation including;

1.7.5.1 Initial response, site characterization, selection of chemicals of concern, and establishment of remedial goals;

1.7.5.2 Evaluation of plume status;

1.7.5.3 Collection and evaluation of additional data;

1.7.5.4 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation performance to remedial goals;

1.7.5.5 Comparing remediation by natural attenuation to other remedial options;

1.7.5.6 Implementation of a continued monitoring program;

1.7.5.7 Evaluation of progress of remediation by natural attenuation; and

1.7.5.8 No further action.

1.7.6 Section 7 lists keywords relevant to this guide.

1.7.7 Appendix X1 describes natural attenuation processes;

1.7.8 Appendix X2 describes site characterization requirements for evaluating remediation by natural attenuation;

1.7.9 Appendix X3 describes considerations for designing and implementing monitoring for remediation by natural attenuation;

1.7.10 Appendix X4 describes sampling considerations and analytical methods for determining indicator parameters for remediation by natural attenuation;

1.7.11 Appendix X5 describes the interpretation of different lines of evidence as indicators of natural attenuation;

1.7.12 Appendix X6 describes methods for evaluation and quantification of natural attenuation rates; and

1.7.13 Appendix X7 describes example problems illustrating the application and implementation of remediation by natural attenuation.

1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of any regulatory limitations prior to use.

PDF Catalog

PDF Pages PDF Title
1 Scope
2 Referenced Documents
Terminology
3 Significance and Use
4 Natural Attenuation as a Remediation Alternative
6 Decision Process for Appropriate Application and Implementation of Remediation by Natural Attenuation
7 FIG. 1
9 TABLE 1
12 Keywords
X1. WHAT IS REMEDIATION BY NATURAL ATTENUATION?
X1.1 Introduction
X1.2 Physical Processes
13 X1.3 Chemical Processes
TABLE X1.1
14 X1.4 Biological Processes
15 X2. SITE CHARACTERIZATION FOR EVALUATION OF NATURAL ATTENUATION
X2.1
TABLE X2.1
16 X2.2
17 X3. MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS
X3.1 Introduction
X3.2 Monitoring Well Placement
18 X3.3 Monitoring Frequency
X3.4 Monitoring Natural Attenuation at Pre-existing Sites
X3.5 Well Installation Procedures
X4. SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS ND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR NATURAL ATTENUATION INDICATORS
X4.1
TABLE X4.1
20 X4.2
21 X5. INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL ATTENUATION INDICATORS
X5.1 Introduction
X5.2 Primary Line of Evidence for Natural Attenuation – Plume Status
X5.3 Secondary Line of Evidence – Indicators of Biodegradation
22 FIG. X5.1
23 X5.4 Measuring Nutrient Levels
TABLE X5.1
24 X6. QUANTIFYING RNA RATES
FIG. X5.2
25 X6.1 Estimating Natural Attenuation Rate Using a Mass Balance Approach
FIG. X6.1
26 TABLE X6.1
TABLE X6.2
27 FIG. X6.2
28 X6.2 Graphical and Regression Techniques
29 X6.3 One-Dimensional Analytical Solution for a Stable Plume
FIG. X6.3
30 X6.4 One, Two, and Three-Dimensional Analytical Models
31 TABLE X6.3
FIG. X6.4
32 FIG. X6.5
TABLE X6.4
FIG. X6.6
33 X7. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
X7.1 Example Problem No. 1ā€”Primary Lines of Evidence
FIG. X6.7
34 FIG. X7.1
FIG. X7.2
35 FIG. X7.3
36 TABLE X7.1
37 X7.2 Example Problem No. 2ā€”Primary and Secondary Lines of Evidence
FIG. X7.4
38 FIG. X7.5
TABLE X7.2
39 FIG. X7.6
TABLE X7.3
40 FIG. X7.7
41 REFERENCES
TABLE X7.4

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