BSI PD IEC/TR 60825-14:2022 – TC
$280.87
Tracked Changes. Safety of laser products – A user’s guide
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| BSI | 2022 | 282 |
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 1 | 30459516 |
| 171 | A-30400460 |
| 172 | undefined |
| 174 | CONTENTS |
| 179 | FOREWORD |
| 181 | INTRODUCTION |
| 182 | 1 Scope 2 Normative references |
| 183 | 3 Terms, definitions and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.2 Symbols |
| 185 | 4 Administrative policies 4.1 Safety responsibilities 4.2 Competent Person 4.3 Laser Safety Officer |
| 186 | 4.4 Information and training |
| 187 | 4.5 Levels of competence 4.5.1 Laser Protection Adviser 4.5.2 Laser Safety Officer |
| 189 | 4.5.3 Laser Safety Supervisor 4.5.4 Laser user 4.5.5 Awareness for other persons |
| 190 | 4.6 Training requirements 4.7 Accreditation |
| 191 | 5 Laser radiation hazards 5.1 Laser products 5.1.1 Laser product classification 5.1.2 Product classes |
| 194 | 5.1.3 Embedded lasers Tables Table 1 – Default protective control measures for laser products |
| 195 | 5.1.4 Optical fibres 5.1.5 Laser demonstrations and displays |
| 196 | 5.1.6 Consumer laser products 5.2 Exposure to laser radiation 5.2.1 Maximum permissible exposure 5.2.2 Transient visual effects |
| 197 | 5.3 Determining the level of laser exposure 5.3.1 The effective exposure |
| 198 | 5.3.2 Limiting apertures Table 2 – The diameter of the limiting aperture applicable to measurements of irradiance and radiant exposure (t is time of the relevant exposure, either pulse duration or total exposure) |
| 199 | 5.3.3 Angle of acceptance for the assessment of exposure from extended sources |
| 200 | Figures Figure 1 – Measurement set-ups to achieve a well-defined angle of acceptance |
| 201 | 5.3.4 Use of binoculars 6 Determining the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) 6.1 General remarks Table 3 – Typical transmission percentages for binoculars |
| 203 | Table 4 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for small sources expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure a,b |
| 204 | Table 5 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) at the cornea for extended sources in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 1 400 nm (retinal hazard region) expressed as irradiance or radiant exposure |
| 205 | Table 6 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table 4 (C6 = 1) for the wavelength range from 400 nm to 1 400 nm expressed as power or energy a,b |
| 206 | Table 7 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of Table 5 (extended sources) for the wavelength range from 400 nm to 1 400 nm expressed as power or energy a,b |
| 207 | Table 8 – Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of the skin to laser radiation a,b Table 9 – Correction factors and breakpoints for use in MPE evaluations |
| 208 | 6.2 Repetitively pulsed or modulated lasers |
| 210 | 6.3 Multiple wavelengths 6.4 Extended source MPEs Table 10 – Duration Ti below which pulse groups are summed up Table 11 – Additivity of effects on eye (O) and skin (S) of radiation of different spectral regions |
| 211 | 6.5 Hazard distance and hazard area 6.5.1 Nominal ocular hazard distance 6.5.2 Nominal ocular hazard area |
| 212 | 7 Associated hazards 7.1 Additional health hazards 7.2 Hazards arising from the laser 7.2.1 Electricity 7.2.2 Collateral radiation |
| 213 | 7.2.3 Other laser radiation 7.2.4 Hazardous substances 7.2.5 Fume 7.2.6 Noise 7.2.7 Mechanical hazards 7.2.8 Fire, explosion and thermal damage |
| 214 | 7.2.9 Heat and cold 7.3 Hazards arising from the environment 7.3.1 Temperature and humidity 7.3.2 Mechanical shock and vibration 7.3.3 Atmospheric effects 7.3.4 Electromagnetic and radio-frequency interference 7.3.5 Power supply interruption or fluctuation 7.3.6 Computer software problems 7.3.7 Ergonomic and human-factor considerations |
| 215 | 7.4 Control of associated hazards 8 Evaluating risk 8.1 Hazards and risks |
| 216 | 8.2 Risk assessment: Stage 1 – Identifying potentially injurious situations 8.2.1 General 8.2.2 The hazards involved 8.2.3 The laser environment 8.2.4 The people at risk |
| 217 | 8.3 Risk assessment: Stage 2 – Assessing risk for potentially injurious situations 8.3.1 General 8.3.2 Frequency 8.3.3 Severity 8.3.4 Resultant risk |
| 218 | 8.4 Risk assessment: Stage 3 – Selecting control measures 9 Control measures 9.1 General |
| 219 | 9.2 Hazard reduction |
| 220 | 9.3 Enclosing the hazard 9.3.1 Beam enclosures 9.3.2 Viewing windows 9.3.3 Interlock protection |
| 221 | 9.4 Hazard mitigation 9.4.1 Preventing access |
| 222 | 9.4.2 Laser controlled areas |
| 223 | Table 12 – Laser controlled areas |
| 226 | Figure 2 – Combination of safety signs Figure 3 – Warning; Laser beam symbol (ISO 7010-W004:2011-05), |
| 227 | Figure 4 – Wear eye protection symbol (ISO 7010-M004:2011-05) |
| 228 | 9.4.3 Local rules and procedures Figure 5 – No thoroughfare symbol (ISO 7010-P004:2011-05) |
| 229 | 9.4.4 Localized risk reduction |
| 230 | 9.4.5 Personal protection |
| 233 | 9.4.6 Protective clothing 9.5 Equipment servicing 9.5.1 Increased risks during laser equipment servicing 9.5.2 Temporary laser controlled areas |
| 234 | 9.5.3 Controls during servicing 9.5.4 Visiting installation and service engineers 10 Maintenance of safe operation |
| 235 | 11 Contingency plans 11.1 General 11.2 Dealing with an actual eye injury 11.3 Dealing with an actual skin injury |
| 236 | 11.4 Dealing with a suspected eye injury 12 Incident reporting and accident investigation 13 Medical surveillance |
| 237 | Annex A (informative)Examples of interlock systems for laser controlled areas A.1 General A.2 Common elements A.2.1 Interlock control system A.2.2 Door interlock switches A.2.3 Override switches |
| 238 | A.2.4 Shutter A.2.5 Illuminated warning sign A.2.6 Emergency stop switch A.2.7 Electric locks (door strikes) A.2.8 Non-locking interlock systems (see Figure A.1) A.2.9 Locking interlock systems (see Figure A.2) |
| 239 | Figure A.1 – Non-locking interlock system |
| 240 | Figure A.2 – Locking interlock system |
| 241 | Annex B (informative)Examples of calculations B.1 General B.2 Symbols used in the examples of Annex B B.3 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Overview |
| 242 | B.4 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Single small source B.4.1 General B.4.2 Example for a helium-cadmium laser B.4.3 Example for a pulsed ruby laser B.4.4 Example for a single pulse of a gallium-arsenide laser |
| 243 | B.4.5 Example for a continuous wave helium-neon laser B.5 Maximum permissible exposure (MPE) – Repetitively pulsed systems B.5.1 General B.5.2 Example for a pulsed argon laser |
| 245 | B.5.3 Example for a pulsed Nd:YAG laser |
| 246 | B.6 Nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD) B.6.1 General |
| 247 | Figure B.1 – Nominal ocular hazard distance |
| 250 | Figure B.2 – Chart for determining the NOHD (with various atmospheric attenuation factors from the NOHD found without considering atmospheric attenuation) |
| 251 | B.6.2 Example NOHD for a Gaussian beam with negligible atmospheric attenuation |
| 252 | B.6.3 Example of NOHD with beam expanding optics B.6.4 Example of NOHD with atmospheric attenuation |
| 253 | B.6.5 Example of NOHD for a helium-neon laser with an expanding beam |
| 254 | B.6.6 Example for an infrared surveying instrument |
| 255 | B.6.7 Example for a Q-switched rangefinder |
| 257 | B.6.8 Example for a CW optical fibre transmitter |
| 259 | B.7 Diffuse reflections that are extended sources B.7.1 General |
| 260 | B.7.2 Example for a reflection from a perfect diffuser |
| 261 | B.7.3 Example for close viewing of reflection from a perfect diffuser |
| 262 | B.7.4 Example for assessing the minimum safe viewing distance B.8 Eye protection B.8.1 General |
| 263 | B.8.2 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.7 B.8.3 Example protective eyewear for example B.6.2 |
| 264 | B.9 Example for a complex laser diode array source B.9.1 General Figure B.3 – Laser diode array with three groupings |
| 266 | B.9.2 Single diode |
| 267 | B.9.3 Horizontal two-diode group B.9.4 Vertical two-diode group B.9.5 Four-diode group |
| 268 | B.9.6 One row of 10 diodes |
| 269 | B.9.7 20-diode group B.9.8 Additional remarks |
| 270 | B.9.9 Required optical density B.9.10 Use of an optical device |
| 272 | Annex C (informative)Biophysical considerations C.1 Anatomy of the eye Figure C.1 – Anatomy of the eye |
| 273 | C.2 The effects of laser radiation on biological tissue C.2.1 General |
| 274 | Figure C.2 – Diagram of laser-induced damage in biological systems |
| 275 | C.2.2 Hazards to the eye |
| 276 | Table C.1 – Summary of pathological effects from excessive exposure to light |
| 278 | C.2.3 Skin hazards |
| 279 | C.3 MPEs and irradiance averaging Table C.2 – Explanation of measurement apertures applied to the MPEs |
| 280 | Bibliography |
