{"id":255564,"date":"2024-10-19T16:53:42","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T16:53:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/uncategorized\/bs-en-iec-61400-242019\/"},"modified":"2024-10-25T12:21:36","modified_gmt":"2024-10-25T12:21:36","slug":"bs-en-iec-61400-242019","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/product\/publishers\/bsi\/bs-en-iec-61400-242019\/","title":{"rendered":"BS EN IEC 61400-24:2019"},"content":{"rendered":"

This part of IEC 61400 applies to lightning protection of wind turbine generators and wind power systems. Refer to Annex M guidelines for small wind turbines.<\/p>\n

This document defines the lightning environment for wind turbines and risk assessment for wind turbines in that environment. It defines requirements for protection of blades, other structural components and electrical and control systems against both direct and indirect effects of lightning. Test methods to validate compliance are included.<\/p>\n

Guidance on the use of applicable lightning protection, industrial electrical and EMC standards including earthing is provided.<\/p>\n

Guidance regarding personal safety is provided.<\/p>\n

Guidelines for damage statistics and reporting are provided.<\/p>\n

Normative references are made to generic standards for lightning protection, low-voltage systems and high-voltage systems for machinery and installations and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).<\/p>\n

PDF Catalog<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
PDF Pages<\/th>\nPDF Title<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nNational foreword <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nAnnex ZA(normative)Normative references to international publicationswith their corresponding European publications <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nCONTENTS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
18<\/td>\nFOREWORD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20<\/td>\n1 Scope
2 Normative references <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22<\/td>\n3 Terms and definitions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
28<\/td>\n4 Symbols and units <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
31<\/td>\n5 Abbreviated terms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
32<\/td>\n6 Lightning environment for wind turbine
6.1 General
6.2 Lightning current parameters and lightning protection levels (LPL)
Tables
Table 1 \u2013 Maximum values of lightning parameters according to LPL(adapted from IEC\u00a062305-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
33<\/td>\n7 Lightning exposure assessment
7.1 General
Table 2 \u2013 Minimum values of lightning parameters and related rolling sphereradius corresponding to LPL (adapted from IEC\u00a062305-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
35<\/td>\n7.2 Assessing the frequency of lightning affecting a single wind turbine or a group of wind turbines
7.2.1 Categorization of lightning events
7.2.2 Estimation of average number of lightning flashes to a single or a group of wind turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
37<\/td>\nFigures
Figure 1 \u2013 Collection area of the wind turbine <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
38<\/td>\n7.2.3 Estimation of average annual number of lightning flashes near the wind turbine (NM)
Figure 2 \u2013 Example of collection area for a complete wind farm (ADWF) with10 wind turbines (black points) considering overlapping <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
39<\/td>\n7.2.4 Estimation of average annual number of lightning flashes to the service lines connecting the wind turbines (NL)
7.2.5 Estimation of average annual number of lightning flashes near the service lines connecting the wind turbine (NI) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
40<\/td>\n7.3 Assessing the risk of damage
7.3.1 Basic equation
Figure 3 \u2013 Collection area of wind turbine of height Ha and another structureof height Hb connected by underground cable of length Lc
Table 3 \u2013 Collection areas AL and Al of service line dependingon whether aerial or buried <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
41<\/td>\n7.3.2 Assessment of risk components due to flashes to the wind turbine (S1)
7.3.3 Assessment of the risk component due to flashes near the wind turbine (S2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
42<\/td>\n7.3.4 Assessment of risk components due to flashes to a service line connected to the wind turbine (S3)
7.3.5 Assessment of risk component due to flashes near a service line connected to the wind turbine (S4) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
43<\/td>\n8 Lightning protection of subcomponents
8.1 General
8.1.1 Lightning protection level (LPL)
Table 4 \u2013 Parameters relevant to the assessment of risk componentsfor wind turbine (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
44<\/td>\n8.1.2 Lightning protection zones (LPZ)
8.2 Blades
8.2.1 General
8.2.2 Requirements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
45<\/td>\n8.2.3 Verification
8.2.4 Protection design considerations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
48<\/td>\n8.2.5 Test methods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
49<\/td>\n8.3 Nacelle and other structural components
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 Hub
8.3.3 Spinner <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
50<\/td>\n8.3.4 Nacelle
8.3.5 Tower <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51<\/td>\n8.3.6 Verification methods
8.4 Mechanical drive train and yaw system
8.4.1 General
8.4.2 Bearings <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
52<\/td>\n8.4.3 Hydraulic systems
Table 5 \u2013 Verification of bearing and bearing protection design concepts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
53<\/td>\n8.4.4 Spark gaps and sliding contacts
8.4.5 Verification
8.5 Electrical low-voltage systems and electronic systems and installations
8.5.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
56<\/td>\nFigure 4 \u2013 Examples of possible SPM (surge protection measures) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
57<\/td>\n8.5.2 Equipotential bonding within the wind turbine
Figure 5 \u2013 Interconnecting two LPZ 1 using SPDs
Figure 6 \u2013 Interconnecting two LPZ 1 using shielded cables or shielded cable ducts <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
58<\/td>\n8.5.3 LEMP protection and immunity levels <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
59<\/td>\n8.5.4 Shielding and line routing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
60<\/td>\n8.5.5 SPD protection
Figure 7 \u2013 Magnetic field inside an enclosure due to a long connectioncable from enclosure entrance to the SPD <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
61<\/td>\nFigure 8 \u2013 Additional protective measures <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
64<\/td>\n8.5.6 Testing methods for system immunity tests
8.6 Electrical high-voltage (HV) power systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65<\/td>\nFigure 9 \u2013 Examples of placement of HV arresters in two typical mainelectrical circuits of wind turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
66<\/td>\n9 Earthing of wind turbines
9.1 General
9.1.1 Purpose and scope
9.1.2 Basic requirements
9.1.3 Earth electrode arrangements <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
67<\/td>\n9.1.4 Earthing system impedance
9.2 Equipotential bonding
9.2.1 General
9.2.2 Lightning equipotential bonding for metal installations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
68<\/td>\n9.3 Structural components
9.3.1 General
9.3.2 Metal tubular type tower
9.3.3 Metal reinforced concrete towers
9.3.4 Lattice tower <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
69<\/td>\n9.3.5 Systems inside the tower
9.3.6 Concrete foundation
9.3.7 Rocky area foundation <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
70<\/td>\n9.3.8 Metal mono-pile foundation
9.3.9 Offshore foundation
9.4 Electrode shape dimensions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
71<\/td>\n9.5 Execution and maintenance of the earthing system
10 Personal safety <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73<\/td>\n11 Documentation of lightning protection system
11.1 General
11.2 Documentation necessary during assessment for design evaluation
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 General documentation
11.2.3 Documentation for rotor blades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
74<\/td>\n11.2.4 Documentation of mechanical systems
11.2.5 Documentation of electrical and electronic systems
11.2.6 Documentation of earthing and bonding systems
11.2.7 Documentation of nacelle cover, hub and tower lightning protection systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
75<\/td>\n11.3 Site-specific information
11.4 Documentation to be provided in the manuals for LPS inspections
11.5 Manuals
12 Inspection of lightning protection system
12.1 Scope of inspection
12.2 Order of inspections
12.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
76<\/td>\n12.2.2 Inspection during production of the wind turbine
12.2.3 Inspection during installation of the wind turbine
12.2.4 Inspection during commissioning of the wind turbine and periodic inspection <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
77<\/td>\n12.2.5 Inspection after dismantling or repair of main parts
Table 6 \u2013 LPS General inspection intervals <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
78<\/td>\n12.3 Maintenance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
79<\/td>\nAnnexes
Annex\u00a0A (informative)The lightning phenomenon in relation to wind turbines
A.1 Lightning environment for wind turbines
A.1.1 General
A.1.2 The properties of lightning
A.1.3 Lightning discharge formation and electrical parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
80<\/td>\nA.1.4 Cloud-to-ground flashes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
81<\/td>\nFigure A.1 \u2013 Processes involved in the formation of a downward initiatedcloud-to-ground flash <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
82<\/td>\nFigure A.2 \u2013 Typical profile of a negative cloud-to-ground flash
Figure A.3 \u2013 Definitions of short stroke parameters (typically T2 < 2 ms) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
83<\/td>\nFigure A.4 \u2013 Definitions of long stroke parameters (typically 2 ms < Tlong <1 s) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84<\/td>\nTable A.1 \u2013 Cloud-to-ground lightning current parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85<\/td>\nFigure A.5 \u2013 Possible components of downward flashes(typical in flat territory and to lower structures) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
86<\/td>\nA.1.5 Upward initiated flashes
Figure A.6 \u2013 Typical profile of a positive cloud-to-ground flash
Figure A.7 \u2013 Processes involved in the formation of an upward initiatedcloud-to-ground flash during summer and winter conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
87<\/td>\nFigure A.8 \u2013 Typical profile of a negative upward initiated flash <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
88<\/td>\nFigure A.9 \u2013 Possible components of upward flashes(typical to exposed and\/or higher structures)
Table A.2 \u2013 Upward initiated lightning current parameters <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
89<\/td>\nA.2 Lightning current parameters relevant to the point of strike
Table A.3 \u2013 Summary of the lightning threat parameters to be considered inthe calculation of the test values for the different LPS componentsand for the different LPL <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
90<\/td>\nA.3 Leader current without return stroke
A.4 Lightning electromagnetic impulse, LEMP, effects <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
91<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0B (informative)Lightning exposure assessment
B.1 General
B.2 Methodology to estimate the average annual flashes or strokes to the wind turbines of a wind farm and upward lightning activity in wind turbines
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Methodology to determine average annual flashes to turbines of a wind farm estimation by increase of the location factor to consider upward lightning from wind turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
92<\/td>\nTable B.1 \u2013 Recommended values of individual location factors <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
93<\/td>\nFigure B.1 \u2013 Winter lightning world map based on LLS data and weather conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
94<\/td>\nFigure B.2 \u2013 Detailed winter lightning maps based on LLS data and weather conditions
Figure B.3 \u2013 Ratio h\/d description <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
95<\/td>\nB.2.3 Upward lightning percentage in wind farms
B.3 Explanation of terms
B.3.1 Damage and loss
Table B.2 \u2013 Range of upward lightning activity as a function ofwinter lightning activity for wind farm located in flat terrain <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
97<\/td>\nB.3.2 Composition of risk
B.3.3 Assessment of risk components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
98<\/td>\nB.3.4 Frequency of damage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
99<\/td>\nB.3.5 Assessment of probability, PX, of damage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
100<\/td>\nB.4 Assessing the probability of damage to the wind turbine
B.4.1 Probability, PAT, that a lightning flash to a wind turbine will cause dangerous touch and step voltage
Table B.3 \u2013 Values of probability, PA, that a lightning flash to a wind turbine will causeshock to human beings owing to dangerous touch and step voltages (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2)
Table B.4 \u2013 Values of reduction factor rt as a function of the type ofsurface of soil or floor (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
101<\/td>\nB.4.2 Probability, PAD, that a lightning flash to the wind turbine will cause injury to an exposed person on the structure
B.4.3 Probability, PB, that a lightning flash to the wind turbine will cause physical damage
Table B.5 \u2013 Values of factor Po according to the position of a person in the exposed area (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2)
Table B.6 \u2013 Values of probability, PLPS, depending on the protection measuresto protect the exposed areas of the wind turbine against direst lightning flash and to reduce physical damage (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
102<\/td>\nTable B.7 \u2013 Values of probability PS that a flash to a wind turbine will causedangerous sparking (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2)
Table B.8 \u2013 Values of reduction factor rp as a function of provisions takento reduce the consequences of fire (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2)
Table B.9 \u2013 Values of reduction factor rf as a function of risk of fire ofthe wind turbine (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
103<\/td>\nB.4.4 Probability, PC, that a lightning flash to the wind turbine will cause failure of internal systems
B.4.5 Probability, PM, that a lightning flash near the wind turbine will cause failure of internal systems
B.4.6 Probability, PU, that a lightning flash to a service line will cause injury to human beings owing to touch voltage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
104<\/td>\nB.4.7 Probability, PV, that a lightning flash to a service line will cause physical damage
B.4.8 Probability, PW, that a lightning flash to a service line will cause failure of internal systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
105<\/td>\nB.4.9 Probability, PZ, that a lightning flash near an incoming service line will cause failure of internal systems
Table B.10 \u2013 Values of probability PLI depending on the line type and the impulse withstand voltage UW of the equipment(corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
106<\/td>\nB.4.10 Probability PP that a person will be in a dangerous place
B.4.11 Probability Pe that equipment will be exposed to damaging event
B.5 Assessing the amount of loss LX in a wind turbine
B.5.1 General
B.5.2 Mean relative loss per dangerous event
Table B.11 \u2013 Loss values for each zone (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
107<\/td>\nTable B.12 \u2013 Typical mean values of LT, LD, LF and LO(corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-2) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
108<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0C (informative)Protection methods for blades
C.1 General
C.1.1 Types of blades and types of protection methods for blades
Figure C.1 \u2013 Types of wind turbine blades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
109<\/td>\nC.1.2 Blade damage mechanism <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
110<\/td>\nC.2 Protection methods
C.2.1 General <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
111<\/td>\nC.2.2 Lightning air-termination systems on the blade surface or embedded in the surface
C.2.3 Adhesive metallic tapes and segmented diverter strips
Figure C.2 \u2013 Lightning protection concepts for large modern wind turbine blades <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
112<\/td>\nC.2.4 Internal down conductor systems
C.2.5 Conducting surface materials <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
113<\/td>\nC.3 CFRP structural components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
114<\/td>\nC.4 Particular concerns with conducting components
Figure C.3 \u2013 Voltages between lightning current path and sensor wiring dueto the mutual coupling and the impedance of the current path <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
115<\/td>\nC.5 Interception efficiency <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
116<\/td>\nC.6 Dimensioning of lightning protection systems
Table C.1 \u2013 Material, configuration and minimum nominal cross-sectional area ofair-termination conductors, air-termination rods, earth lead-in rodsand down conductorsa (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-3) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
117<\/td>\nTable C.2 \u2013 Physical characteristics of typical materials used inlightning protection systems (corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
118<\/td>\nC.7 Blade-to-hub connection
C.8 WTG blade field exposure
C.8.1 General
Table C.3 \u2013 Temperature rise [K] for different conductors as a function of W\/R(corresponds to IEC\u00a062305-1) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
119<\/td>\nC.8.2 Application
C.8.3 Field exposure
Table C.4 \u2013 Range of distribution of direct strikes from field campaigns collectingdata on attachment distribution vs. the distance from the tip ofwind turbine blades, 39 m to 45 m blades with and without CFRP <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
120<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0D (normative)Test specifications
D.1 General
D.2 High-voltage strike attachment tests
D.2.1 Verification of air termination system effectiveness
D.2.2 Initial leader attachment test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
122<\/td>\nFigure D.1 \u2013 Example of initial leader attachment test setup A <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
123<\/td>\nFigure D.2 \u2013 Possible orientations for the initial leader attachment test setup A <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
124<\/td>\nFigure D.3 \u2013 Definition of the blade length axis during strike attachment tests
Figure D.4 \u2013 Example of the application of angles during the HV test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
125<\/td>\nFigure D.5 \u2013 Example of leader connection point away from test specimen <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
126<\/td>\nFigure D.6 \u2013 Initial leader attachment test setup B <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
128<\/td>\nFigure D.7 \u2013 Typical switching impulse voltage rise to flashover(100 \u03bcs per division) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
130<\/td>\nD.2.3 Subsequent stroke attachment test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
131<\/td>\nFigure D.8 \u2013 Subsequent stroke attachment test arrangement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
132<\/td>\nFigure D.9 \u2013 Lightning impulse voltage waveform
Figure D.10 \u2013 Lightning impulse voltage chopped on the front <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
134<\/td>\nD.3 High-current physical damage tests
D.3.1 General
D.3.2 Arc entry test
Figure D.11 \u2013 HV electrode positions for the subsequent stroke attachment test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
136<\/td>\nFigure D.12 \u2013 High-current test arrangement for the arc entry test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
137<\/td>\nFigure D.13 \u2013 Typical jet diverting test electrodes <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
138<\/td>\nTable D.1 \u2013 Test current parameters corresponding to LPL I
Table D.2 \u2013 Test current parameters for winter lightning exposure testing(duration maximum 1\u00a0s) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
139<\/td>\nD.3.3 Conducted current test <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
141<\/td>\nFigure D.14 \u2013 Example of an arrangement for conducted current tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
142<\/td>\nTable D.3 \u2013 Test current parameters corresponding to LPL I
Table D.4 \u2013 Test current parameters corresponding to LPL I (for flexible paths) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143<\/td>\nTable D.5 \u2013 Test current parameters for winter lightning exposure testing(duration maximum 1 s) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
144<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0E (informative)Application of lightning environment and lightning protection zones (LPZ)
E.1 Lightning environment for blades
E.1.1 Application
E.1.2 Examples of simplified lightning environment areas <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
145<\/td>\nFigure E.1 \u2013 Examples of generic blade lightning environment definition <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
146<\/td>\nE.1.3 Area transitions
E.2 Definition of lightning protection zones for turbines (not blades)
E.2.1 General
Table E.1 \u2013 Blade area definition for the example in concept A
Table E.2 \u2013 Blade area definition for the example in concept B <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147<\/td>\nE.2.2 LPZ 0
Table E.3 \u2013 Definition of lightning protection zones according to IEC\u00a062305-1 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
148<\/td>\nE.2.3 Other zones
Figure E.2 \u2013 Rolling sphere method applied on wind turbine <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149<\/td>\nE.2.4 Zone boundaries
Figure E.3 \u2013 Mesh with large mesh dimension for nacelle with GFRP cover
Figure E.4 \u2013 Mesh with small mesh dimension for nacelle with GFRP cover <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
150<\/td>\nE.2.5 Zone protection requirements
Figure E.5 \u2013 Two cabinets both defined as LPZ 2 connected via the shieldof a shielded cable <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
151<\/td>\nFigure E.6 \u2013 Example: division of wind turbine into different lightningprotection zones <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
152<\/td>\nFigure E.7 \u2013 Example of how to document a surge protection measures (SPM) system by division of the electrical system into protection zones with indication of where circuits cross LPZ boundaries and showing the long cables running between tower base and n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
153<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0F (informative)Selection and installation of a coordinated SPDprotection in wind turbines
F.1 Location of SPDs
F.2 Selection of SPDs
F.3 Installation of SPDs <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
154<\/td>\nF.4 Environmental stresses of SPDs
Figure F.1 \u2013 Point-to-point installation scheme
Figure F.2 \u2013 Earthing connection installation scheme <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
155<\/td>\nF.5 SPD status indication and SPD monitoring in case of an SPD failure
F.6 Selection of SPDs with regard to protection level (Up) and system level immunity
F.7 Selection of SPDs with regard to overvoltages created within wind turbines
F.8 Selection of SPDs with regard to discharge current (In) and impulse current (Iimp) <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
156<\/td>\nTable F.1 \u2013 Discharge and impulse current levels for TN systems givenin IEC\u00a060364-5-53
Table F.2 \u2013 Example of increased discharge and impulse current levelsfor TN systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0G (informative)Information on bonding and shieldingand installation technique
G.1 Additional information on bonding
Figure G.1 \u2013 Two control cabinets located on differentmetallic planes inside a nacelle <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
158<\/td>\nG.2 Additional information on shielding and installation technique
Figure G.2 \u2013 Magnetic coupling mechanism <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
160<\/td>\nFigure G.3 \u2013 Measuring of transfer impedance <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
161<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0H (informative)Testing methods for system level immunity tests <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162<\/td>\nFigure H.1 \u2013 Example circuit of a SPD discharge current test under service conditions <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
164<\/td>\nFigure H.2 \u2013 Typical test set-up for injection of test current <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
165<\/td>\nFigure H.3 \u2013 Example circuit of an induction test for lightning currents <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0I (informative)Earth termination system
I.1 General
I.1.1 Types of earthing systems
I.1.2 Construction <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168<\/td>\nI.2 Electrode shape dimensions
I.2.1 Type of arrangement <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169<\/td>\nFigure I.1 \u2013 Minimum length (l1) of each earth electrode according to the class of LPS <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
170<\/td>\nI.2.2 Frequency dependence on earthing impedance
Figure I.2 \u2013 Frequency dependence on the impedance to earth <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
171<\/td>\nI.3 Earthing resistance expressions for different electrode configurations
Table I.1 \u2013 Impulse efficiency of several ground rod arrangements relativeto a 12 m vertical ground rod (100\u00a0%)
Table I.2 \u2013 Symbols used in Tables I.3 to I.6 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
172<\/td>\nTable I.3 \u2013 Formulae for different earthing electrode configurations
Table I.4 \u2013 Formulae for buried ring electrode combined with vertical rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
173<\/td>\nTable I.5 \u2013 Formulae for buried ring electrode combined with radial electrodes
Table I.6 \u2013 Formulae for buried straight horizontal electrode combinedwith vertical rods <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
174<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0J (informative)Example of defined measuring points
Figure J.1 \u2013 Example of measuring points <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
175<\/td>\nTable J.1 \u2013 Measuring points and resistances to be recorded <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
176<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0K (informative)Classification of lightning damage based on risk management
K.1 General
K.2 Lightning damage in blade
K.2.1 Classification of blade damage due to lightning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
177<\/td>\nK.2.2 Possible cause of blade damage due to lightning
Table K.1 \u2013 Classification of blade damage due to lightning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
178<\/td>\nK.2.3 Countermeasures against blade damage due to lightning
Figure K.1 \u2013 Recommended countermeasures schemes according to the incident classification <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
179<\/td>\nTable K.2 \u2013 Matrix of blade damages due to lightning,taking account of risk management <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180<\/td>\nK.3 Lightning damage to other components
K.3.1 Classification of damage in other components due to lightning
K.3.2 Countermeasures against lightning damage to other components
K.4 Typical lightning damage questionnaire
K.4.1 General
K.4.2 Sample of questionnaire
Table K.3 \u2013 Classification of damage to other components due to lightning <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
183<\/td>\nFigure K.2 \u2013 Blade outlines for marking locations of damage <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
184<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0L (informative)Monitoring systems
Table L.1 \u2013 Considerations relevant for wide area lightning detection systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185<\/td>\nTable L.2 \u2013 Considerations relevant for local active lightning detection systems
Table L.3 \u2013 Considerations relevant for local passive lightning detection systems <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
186<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0M (informative)Guidelines for small wind turbines <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
187<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0N (informative)Guidelines for verification of blade similarity
N.1 General
N.2 Similarity constraints <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
188<\/td>\nTable N.1 \u2013 Items to be checked and verified when evaluating similarity <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
189<\/td>\nFigure N.1 \u2013 Definitions of blade aerofoil nomenclature <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
190<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0O (informative)Guidelines for validation of numerical analysis methods
O.1 General
O.2 Blade voltage and current distribution
Figure O.1 \u2013 Example geometry for blade voltage and current distribution simulations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
191<\/td>\nO.3 Indirect effects analysis
Figure O.2 \u2013 Example geometry for nacelle indirect effects simulations <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
192<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0P (informative)Testing of rotating components
P.1 General
P.2 Test specimen
P.2.1 Test specimen representing a stationary \/ quasi stationary bearing
P.2.2 Test specimen representing a rotating bearing
P.3 Test setup
P.3.1 Test set-up representing a stationary\/quasi-stationary bearing
Figure P.1 \u2013 Possible test setup for a pitch bearing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193<\/td>\nP.3.2 Test set-up representing a rotating bearing
Figure P.2 \u2013 Possible injection of test current into a pitch bearing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
194<\/td>\nP.4 Test procedure
Figure P.3 \u2013 Possible test setup for a main bearing <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
195<\/td>\nP.5 Pass\/fail criteria
Figure P.4 \u2013 Example measurement of the series resistance of the test sample
Table P.1 \u2013 Test sequence for high current testing of rotating components <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
196<\/td>\nAnnex\u00a0Q (informative)Earthing systems for wind farms <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
197<\/td>\nBibliography <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Wind energy generation systems – Lightning protection<\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
Published By<\/td>\nPublication Date<\/td>\nNumber of Pages<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
BSI<\/b><\/a><\/td>\n2019<\/td>\n200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":255569,"template":"","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false},"product_cat":[2641],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-255564","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-bsi","8":"first","9":"instock","10":"sold-individually","11":"shipping-taxable","12":"purchasable","13":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/255564","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/255569"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=255564"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=255564"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pdfstandards.shop\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=255564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}